| 27:1 | 27:1 When it was decided we3000 sn The last “we” section in Acts begins here and extends to 28:16 (the previous one ended at 21:18). would sail to Italy,3001 sn Sail to Italy. This voyage with its difficulty serves to show how God protected Paul on his long journey to Rome. From the perspective of someone in Palestine, this may well picture “the end of the earth” quite literally (cf. Acts 1:8). they handed over Paul and some other prisoners to a centurion3002 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. of the Augustan Cohort3003 tn According to BDAG 917 s.v. σεβαστός, “In σπεῖρα Σεβαστή 27:1 (cp. OGI 421) Σεβαστή is likew. an exact transl. of Lat. Augusta, an honorary title freq. given to auxiliary troops (Ptolem. renders it Σεβαστή in connection w. three legions that bore it: 2, 3, 30; 2, 9, 18; 4, 3, 30) imperial cohort.” According to W. Foerster (TDNT 7:175), “In Ac. 27:1 the σπεῖρα Σεβαστή is an expression also found elsewhere for ‘auxiliary troops.’” In no case would this refer to a special imperial bodyguard, and to translate “imperial regiment” or “imperial cohort” might give this impression. There is some archaeological evidence for a Cohors Augusta I stationed in Syria during the time of Augustus, but whether this is the same unit is very debatable. named Julius.
| | 27:2 | 27:2 We went on board3004 tn Grk “Going on board.” The participle ἐπιβάντες (epibante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. a ship from Adramyttium3005 sn Adramyttium was a seaport in Mysia on the western coast of Asia Minor. that was about to sail to various ports3006 tn Grk “places.” along the coast of the province of Asia3007 tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia. and put out to sea,3008 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” accompanied by Aristarchus, a Macedonian3009 sn A Macedonian. The city of Thessalonica (modern Salonica) was in the Roman province of Macedonia in Greece. from Thessalonica.3010 map For location see JP1-C1; JP2-C1; JP3-C1; JP4-C1.
| | 27:3 | 27:3 The next day we put in3011 tn BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Σιδῶνα Ac 27:3.” at Sidon,3012 sn Sidon is another seaport 75 mi (120 km) north of Caesarea. and Julius, treating Paul kindly,3013 tn BDAG 1056 s.v. φιλανθρώπως states, “benevolently, kindly φιλανθρώπως χρῆσθαί (τινι) treat someone in kindly fashion…Ac 27:3.” allowed him to go to his friends so they could provide him with what he needed.3014 tn Grk “to go to his friends to be cared for.” The scene is an indication of Christian hospitality.
| | 27:4 | 27:4 From there we put out to sea3015 tn Grk “putting out to sea.” The participle ἀναχθέντες (anacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” and sailed under the lee3016 tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.” Thus they were east and north of the island. of Cyprus because the winds were against us.
| | 27:5 | 27:5 After we had sailed across the open sea3017 tn Grk “the depths,” the deep area of a sea far enough from land that it is not protected by the coast (L&N 1.73). off Cilicia and Pamphylia,3018 sn Pamphylia was a province in the southern part of Asia Minor; it was west of Cilicia (see BDAG 753 s.v. Παμφυλία). we put in3019 tn BDAG 531 s.v. κατέρχομαι 2 states, “Of ships and those who sail in them, who ‘come down’ fr. the ‘high seas’: arrive, put in…ἔις τι at someth. a harbor 18:22; 21:3; 27:5.” at Myra3020 sn Myra was a city on the southern coast of Lycia in Asia Minor. This journey from Sidon (v. 3) was 440 mi (700 km) and took about 15 days. in Lycia.3021 sn Lycia was the name of a peninsula on the southern coast of Asia Minor between Caria and Pamphylia.
| | 27:6 | 27:6 There the centurion3022 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. found3023 tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρών (Jeurwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. a ship from Alexandria3024 sn Alexandria (modern Alexandria) was a great city of northern Egypt which was a center for grain trade to Rome. Therefore this type of travel connection was common at the time. For a winter journey (considered hazardous) there were special bonuses and insurance provided (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18.1-2). sailing for Italy, and he put us aboard it.
| | 27:7 | 27:7 We sailed slowly3025 tn The participle βραδυπλοοῦντες (braduploounte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. for many days and arrived with difficulty off Cnidus.3026 sn Cnidus was the name of a peninsula on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor. This was about 130 mi (210 km) from Myra. Because the wind prevented us from going any farther,3027 tn This genitive absolute construction with προσεῶντος (prosewnto") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. L&N 13.139 translates the phrase μὴ προσεῶντος ἡμᾶς τοῦ ἀνέμου (mh prosewnto" Jhma" tou anemou) as “the wind would not let us go any farther.” we sailed under the lee3028 tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.” of Crete off Salmone.3029 sn Salmone was the name of a promontory on the northeastern corner of the island of Crete. This was about 100 mi (160 km) farther along.
| | 27:8 | 27:8 With difficulty we sailed along the coast3030 tn Grk “sailing along the coast…we came.” The participle παραλεγόμενοι (paralegomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’ …‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” of Crete3031 tn Grk “it”; the referent (Crete) has been supplied in the translation for clarity. and came to a place called Fair Havens that was near the town of Lasea.3032 sn Lasea was a city on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 60 mi (96 km) farther.
Caught in a Violent Storm
| | 27:9 | 27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous3033 tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon. because the fast3034 sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]). was already over,3035 tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.” Paul advised them,3036 tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.
| | 27:10 | 27:10 “Men, I can see the voyage is going to end3037 tn Grk “is going to be with disaster.” in disaster3038 tn Or “hardship,” “damage.” BDAG 1022 s.v. ὕβρις 3 states, “fig. hardship, disaster, damage caused by the elements…w. ζημία Ac 27:10.” and great loss not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives.”3039 tn Grk “souls” (here, one’s physical life).
| | 27:11 | 27:11 But the centurion3040 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. was more convinced3041 tn Or “persuaded.” by the captain3042 tn BDAG 456 s.v. κυβερνήτης 1 has “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster…W. ναύκληρος, the ‘shipowner’…Ac 27:11” See further L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 316-18. and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said.3043 tn Grk “than by what was said by Paul.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.
| | 27:12 | 27:12 Because the harbor was not suitable to spend the winter in, the majority decided3044 tn BDAG 181-82 s.v. βουλή 2.a, “β. τίθεσθαι (Judg 19:30; Ps 12:3) decide 27:12 (w. inf. foll.).” to put out to sea3045 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” from there. They hoped that3046 tn Grk “from there, if somehow” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation and the introductory phrase “They hoped that” supplied (with the subject, “they,” repeated from the previous clause) to make a complete English sentence. somehow they could reach3047 tn Grk “if somehow, reaching Phoenix, they could…” The participle καταντήσαντες (katanthsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Phoenix,3048 sn Phoenix was a seaport on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 30 mi (48 km) further west. a harbor of Crete facing3049 tn Or “a harbor of Crete open to the southwest and northwest.” southwest and northwest, and spend the winter there.
| | 27:13 | 27:13 When a gentle south wind sprang up, they thought3050 tn Grk “thinking.” The participle δόξαντες (doxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. they could carry out3051 tn Or “accomplish.” L&N 68.29, for κρατέω, has “to be able to complete or finish, presumably despite difficulties – ‘to accomplish, to do successfully, to carry out.’ …‘thinking that they could carry out their purpose’ Ac 27:13.” their purpose, so they weighed anchor3052 tn Or “departed.” and sailed close along the coast3053 tn L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’…‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” With the addition of the adverb ἆσσον (asson) this becomes “sailed close along the coast of Crete.” of Crete.
| | 27:14 | 27:14 Not long after this, a hurricane-force3054 tn Grk “a wind like a typhoon.” That is, a very violent wind like a typhoon or hurricane (BDAG 1021 s.v. τυφωνικός). wind called the northeaster3055 sn Or called Euraquilo (the actual name of the wind, a sailor’s term which was a combination of Greek and Latin). According to Strabo (Geography 1.2.21), this was a violent northern wind. blew down from the island.3056 tn Grk “from it”; the referent (the island) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
| | 27:15 | 27:15 When the ship was caught in it3057 tn Or “was forced off course.” Grk “The ship being caught in it.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle συναρπασθέντος (sunarpasqento") has been taken temporally; it could also be translated as causal (“Because the ship was caught in it”). and could not head into3058 tn BDAG 91 s.v. ἀντοφθαλμέω states, “Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the forces of the waves Ac 27:15.” the wind, we gave way to it and were driven3059 sn Caught in the violent wind, the ship was driven along. They were now out of control, at the mercy of the wind and sea. along.
| | 27:16 | 27:16 As we ran under the lee of3060 tn BDAG 1042 s.v. ὑποτρέχω states, “run or sail under the lee of, nautical t.t.…Ac 27:16.” The participle ὑποδραμόντες (Jupodramonte") has been taken temporally (“as we ran under the lee of”). While this could also be translated as a participle of means (“by running…”) this might suggest the ship was still under a greater degree of control by its crew than it probably was. a small island called Cauda,3061 sn Cauda. This island was located south of Crete, about 23 mi (36 km) from where they began. There are various ways to spell the island’s name (e.g., Clauda, BDAG 546 s.v. Κλαῦδα). we were able with difficulty to get the ship’s boat3062 sn The ship’s boat was a small rowboat, normally towed behind a ship in good weather rather than stowed on board. It was used for landings, to maneuver the ship for tacking, and to lay anchors (not a lifeboat in the modern sense, although it could have served as a means of escape for some of the sailors; see v. 30). See L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 248f. under control.
| | 27:17 | 27:17 After the crew3063 tn Grk “After hoisting it up, they…”; the referent (the ship’s crew) has been specified in the translation for clarity. had hoisted it aboard,3064 tn The participle ἄραντες (arantes) has been taken temporally. they used supports3065 tn Possibly “ropes” or “cables”; Grk “helps” (a word of uncertain meaning; probably a nautical technical term, BDAG 180 s.v. βοήθεια 2). to undergird the ship. Fearing they would run aground3066 tn BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 2 states, “drift off course, run aground, nautical term εἴς τι on someth….on the Syrtis 27:17.” on the Syrtis,3067 tn That is, on the sandbars and shallows of the Syrtis. they lowered the sea anchor,3068 tn Or perhaps “mainsail.” The meaning of this word is uncertain. BDAG 927 s.v. σκεῦος 1 has “τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving anchor” while C. Maurer (TDNT 7:362) notes, “The meaning in Ac. 27:17: χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, is uncertain. Prob. the ref. is not so much to taking down the sails as to throwing the draganchor overboard to lessen the speed of the ship.” In spite of this L&N 6.1 states, “In Ac 27:17, for example, the reference of σκεῦος is generally understood to be the mainsail.” A reference to the sail is highly unlikely because in a storm of the force described in Ac 27:14, the sail would have been taken down and reefed immediately, to prevent its being ripped to shreds or torn away by the gale. thus letting themselves be driven along.
| | 27:18 | 27:18 The next day, because we were violently battered by the storm,3069 tn BDAG 980 s.v. σφόδρῶς states, “very much, greatly, violently…σφ. χειμάζεσθαι be violently beaten by a storm Ac 27:18.” they began throwing the cargo overboard,3070 tn Or “jettisoning [the cargo]” (a nautical technical term). The words “the cargo” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
| | 27:19 | 27:19 and on the third day they threw the ship’s gear3071 tn Or “rigging,” “tackle”; Grk “the ship’s things.” Here the more abstract “gear” is preferred to “rigging” or “tackle” as a translation for σκεῦος (skeuos) because in v. 40 the sailors are still able to raise the (fore)sail, which they could not have done if the ship’s rigging or tackle had been jettisoned here. overboard with their own hands.
| | 27:20 | 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent3072 tn Grk “no small storm” = a very great storm. storm continued to batter us,3073 tn Grk “no small storm pressing on us.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπικειμένου (epikeimenou) has been translated as parallel to the previous genitive absolute construction (which was translated as temporal). BDAG 373 s.v. ἐπίκειμαι 2.b states, “of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20.” L&N 14.2, “‘the stormy weather did not abate in the least’ or ‘the violent storm continued’ Ac 27:20.” To this last was added the idea of “battering” from the notion of “pressing upon” inherent in ἐπίκειμαι (epikeimai). we finally abandoned all hope of being saved.3074 tn Grk “finally all hope that we would be saved was abandoned.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation. This represents a clearly secular use of the term σῴζω (swzw) in that it refers to deliverance from the storm. At this point those on board the ship gave up hope of survival.
| | 27:21 | 27:21 Since many of them had no desire to eat,3075 tn Or “Since they had no desire to eat for a long time.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὑπαρχούσης (Juparcoush") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. It could also be translated temporally (“When many of them had no desire to eat”). The translation of πολλῆς (pollhs) as a substantized adjective referring to the people on board the ship (“many of them”) rather than a period of time (“for a long time”; so most modern versions) follows BDAG 143 s.v. ἀσιτία, which has “πολλῆς ἀ. ὑπαρχούσης since almost nobody wanted to eat because of anxiety or seasickness…Ac 27:21.” This detail indicates how turbulent things were on board the ship. Paul3076 tn Here τότε (tote) is redundant (pleonastic) according to BDAG 1012-13 s.v. τότε 2; thus it has not been translated. stood up3077 tn Grk “standing up…said.” The participle σταθείς (staqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. among them and said, “Men, you should have listened to me3078 tn L&N 36.12 has “πειθαρχήσαντάς μοι μὴ ἀνάγεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς Κρήτης ‘you should have listened to me and not have sailed from Crete’ Ac 27:21.” and not put out to sea3079 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” from Crete, thus avoiding3080 tn The infinitive κερδῆσαι (kerdhsai) has been translated as resultative. this damage and loss.
| | 27:22 | 27:22 And now I advise3081 tn The same verb is used for Paul’s original recommendation in Ac 27:9. you to keep up your courage, for there will be no loss of life among you, but only the ship will be lost.3082 tn Grk “except the ship.” Here “but” is used to translate the improper preposition πλήν (plhn; see BDAG 826 s.v. πλήν 2) since an exception like this, where two different categories of objects are involved (people and a ship), is more naturally expressed in contemporary English with an adversative (“but”). The words “will be lost” are also supplied for clarity.
| | 27:23 | 27:23 For last night an angel of the God to whom I belong3083 tn Grk “of whom I am.” The relative clause with its possessive was translated following L&N 15.86 s.v. παρίσταμαι. and whom I serve3084 tn Or “worship.” came to me3085 tn Or “stood by me.” BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “approach, come τινί (to) someone…Ac 9:39; 27:23.”
| | 27:24 | 27:24 and said,3086 tn Grk “came to me saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. ‘Do not be afraid, Paul! You must stand before3087 tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before…Καίσαρι σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must stand before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24.” See Acts 23:11. Luke uses the verb δεῖ (dei) to describe what must occur. Caesar,3088 tn Or “before the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor). and God has graciously granted you the safety3089 tn Grk “God has graciously granted you all who are sailing with you.” The words “the safety of” have been supplied to clarify the meaning of the verb κεχάρισται (kecaristai) in this context. of all who are sailing with you.’
| | 27:25 | 27:25 Therefore keep up your courage, men, for I have faith in God3090 tn BDAG 817 s.v. πιστεύω 1.c states, “w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth….W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll…. πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.” that it will be just as I have been told.
| | 27:26 | 27:26 But we must3091 tn This is another use of δεῖ (dei) to indicate necessity (see also v. 24). Acts 28:1 shows the fulfillment of this. run aground on some island.”
| | 27:27 | 27:27 When the fourteenth night had come, while we were being driven3092 tn Here “being driven” has been used to translate διαφέρω (diaferw) rather than “drifting,” because it is clear from the attempt to drop anchors in v. 29 that the ship is still being driven by the gale. “Drifting” implies lack of control, but not necessarily rapid movement. across the Adriatic Sea,3093 sn The Adriatic Sea. They were now somewhere between Crete and Malta. about midnight the sailors suspected they were approaching some land.3094 tn Grk “suspected that some land was approaching them.” BDAG 876 s.v. προσάγω 2.a states, “lit. ὑπενόουν προσάγειν τινά αὐτοῖς χώραν they suspected that land was near (lit. ‘approaching them’) Ac 27:27.” Current English idiom would speak of the ship approaching land rather than land approaching the ship.
| | 27:28 | 27:28 They took soundings3095 tn Grk “Heaving the lead, they found.” The participle βολίσαντες (bolisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. See also BDAG 180 s.v. βολίζω. Although the term is used twice in this verse (and thus is technically not a NT hapax legomenon), it occurs nowhere else in the NT. and found the water was twenty fathoms3096 sn A fathom is about 6 feet or just under 2 meters (originally the length of a man’s outstretched arms). This was a nautical technical term for measuring the depth of water. Here it was about 120 ft (36 m). deep; when they had sailed a little farther3097 tn L&N 15.12, “βραχὺ δὲ διαστήσαντες ‘when they had gone a little farther’ Ac 27:28.” they took soundings again and found it was fifteen fathoms3098 sn Here the depth was about 90 ft (27 m). deep.
| | 27:29 | 27:29 Because they were afraid3099 tn Grk “fearing.” The participle φοβούμενοι (foboumenoi) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. that we would run aground on the rocky coast,3100 tn Grk “against a rough [rocky] place.” L&N 79.84 has “φοβούμενοί τε μή που κατὰ τραχεῖς τόποις ἐκπέσωμεν ‘we were afraid that we would run aground on the rocky coast’ Ac 27:29.” they threw out3101 tn Grk “throwing out…they.” The participle ῥίψαντες (rJiyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. four anchors from the stern and wished3102 tn BDAG 417 s.v. εὔχομαι 2 states, “wish…τὶ for someth.…Foll. by acc. and inf….Ac 27:29.” The other possible meaning for this term, “pray,” is given in BDAG 417 s.v. 1 and employed by a number of translations (NAB, NRSV, NIV). If this meaning is adopted here, then “prayed for day to come” must be understood metaphorically to mean “prayed that they would live to see the day,” or “prayed that it would soon be day.” for day to appear.3103 tn Grk “and wished for day to come about.”
| | 27:30 | 27:30 Then when the sailors tried to escape from the ship and were lowering the ship’s boat into the sea, pretending3104 tn BDAG 889 s.v. πρόφασις 2 states, “προφάσει ὡς under the pretext that, pretending that…Ac 27:30.” In other words, some of the sailors gave up hope that such efforts would work and instead attempted to escape while pretending to help. that they were going to put out anchors from the bow,
| | 27:31 | 27:31 Paul said to the centurion3105 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. and the soldiers, “Unless these men stay with the ship, you3106 sn The pronoun you is plural in Greek. cannot be saved.”
| | 27:32 | 27:32 Then the soldiers cut the ropes3107 sn The soldiers cut the ropes. The centurion and the soldiers were now following Paul’s advice by cutting the ropes to prevent the sailors from escaping. of the ship’s boat and let it drift away.3108 tn Or “let it fall away.” According to BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 1 and 2 the meaning of the verb in this verse could be either “fall away” or “drift away.” Either meaning is acceptable, and the choice between them depends almost entirely on how one reconstructs the scene. Since cutting the boat loose would in any case result in it drifting away (whether capsized or not), the meaning “drift away” as a nautical technical term has been used here.
| | 27:33 | 27:33 As day was about to dawn,3109 tn BDAG 160 s.v. ἄχρι 1.b.α has “ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33.” Paul urged them all to take some food, saying, “Today is the fourteenth day you have been in suspense3110 tn Or “have waited anxiously.” Grk “waiting anxiously.” The participle προσδοκῶντες (prosdokwnte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. and have gone3111 tn Or “continued.” without food; you have eaten nothing.3112 tn Grk “having eaten nothing.” The participle προσλαβόμενοι (proslabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb (with subject “you” supplied) due to requirements of contemporary English style.
| | 27:34 | 27:34 Therefore I urge you to take some food, for this is important3113 tn Or “necessary.” BDAG 873-74 s.v. πρός 1 has “πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34”; L&N 27.18 has “‘therefore, I urge you to take some food, for this is important for your deliverance’ or ‘…for your survival’ Ac 27:34.” for your survival.3114 tn Or “deliverance” (‘salvation’ in a nontheological sense). For not one of you will lose a hair from his head.”
| | 27:35 | 27:35 After he said this, Paul3115 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity. took bread3116 tn Grk “taking bread, gave thanks.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. and gave thanks to God in front of them all,3117 tn Or “before them all,” but here this could be misunderstood to indicate a temporal sequence. broke3118 tn Grk “and breaking it, he began.” The participle κλάσας (klasas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. it, and began to eat.
| | 27:36 | 27:36 So all of them were encouraged and took food themselves.
| | 27:37 | 27:37 (We were in all two hundred seventy-six3119 tc One early ms (B) and an early version (sa) read “about seventy-six.” For discussion of how this variant probably arose, see F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles, 465. persons on the ship.)3120 sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.
| | 27:38 | 27:38 When they had eaten enough to be satisfied,3121 tn Or “When they had eaten their fill.” they lightened the ship by throwing the wheat3122 tn Or “grain.” into the sea.
Paul is Shipwrecked
| | 27:39 | 27:39 When day came, they did not recognize the land, but they noticed3123 tn Or “observed,” “saw.” a bay3124 tn Or “gulf” (BDAG 557 s.v. κόλπος 3). with a beach,3125 sn A beach would refer to a smooth sandy beach suitable for landing. where they decided to run the ship aground if they could.
| | 27:40 | 27:40 So they slipped3126 tn That is, released. Grk “slipping…leaving.” The participles περιελόντες (perielonte") and εἴων (eiwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style. the anchors3127 tn The term is used of a ship’s anchor. (BDAG 12 s.v. ἄγκυρα a). and left them in the sea, at the same time loosening the linkage3128 tn Grk “bands”; possibly “ropes.” that bound the steering oars3129 tn Or “rudders.” together. Then they hoisted3130 tn Grk “hoisting…they.” The participle ἐπάραντες (eparante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. the foresail3131 tn Grk “sail”; probably a reference to the foresail. to the wind and steered toward3132 tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατέχω 7 states, “hold course, nautical t.t., intr….κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν they headed for the beach Ac 27:40.” the beach.
| | 27:41 | 27:41 But they encountered a patch of crosscurrents3133 tn Grk “fell upon a place of two seas.” The most common explanation for this term is that it refers to a reef or sandbar with the sea on both sides, as noted in BDAG 245 s.v. διθάλασσος: the “τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides).” However, Greek had terms for a “sandbank” (θῖς [qis], ταινία [tainia]), a “reef” (ἑρμα [Jerma]), “strait” (στενόν [stenon]), “promontory” (ἀρωτήρον [arwthron]), and other nautical hazards, none of which are used by the author here. NEB here translates τόπον διθάλασσον (topon diqalasson) as “cross-currents,” a proposal close to that advanced by J. M. Gilchrist, “The Historicity of Paul’s Shipwreck,” JSNT 61 (1996): 29-51, who suggests the meaning is “a patch of cross-seas,” where the waves are set at an angle to the wind, a particular hazard for sailors. Thus the term most likely refers to some sort of adverse sea conditions rather than a topographical feature like a reef or sandbar. and ran the ship aground; the bow stuck fast and could not be moved, but the stern was being broken up by the force3134 tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a). of the waves.
| | 27:42 | 27:42 Now the soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners3135 sn The soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners. The issue here was not cruelty, but that the soldiers would be legally responsible if any prisoners escaped and would suffer punishment themselves. So they were planning to do this as an act of self-preservation. See Acts 16:27 for a similar incident. so that none of them would escape by swimming away.3136 tn The participle ἐκκολυμβήσας (ekkolumbhsa") has been taken instrumentally.
| | 27:43 | 27:43 But the centurion,3137 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1. wanting to save Paul’s life,3138 tn Or “wanting to rescue Paul.” prevented them from carrying out their plan. He ordered those who could swim to jump overboard first and get to land,3139 tn BDAG 347 s.v. I. ἔξειμι has “ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν get to land Ac 27:43.”
| | 27:44 | 27:44 and the rest were to follow,3140 tn The words “were to follow” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. They must be supplied to clarify the sense in contemporary English. some on planks3141 tn Or “boards” according to BDAG 913 s.v. σανίς. and some on pieces of the ship.3142 tn Grk “on pieces from the ship”; that is, pieces of wreckage from the ship. And in this way3143 tn Grk “And in this way it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. all were brought safely to land.
Paul on Malta
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Kisah Para Rasul 27 - NET Bible [draft] Lab
